RESPIRATION

Like all living things, plants breathe. They take oxygen from the air, and release carbon dioxide. This exchange of gases is called respiration. It takes place in leaves continually, day and night.

PLANT NUTRITION

Plants obtain food in a different way from animals. Plants are autotrophs: they make their own food. To make food, plants need sunlight, carbon dioxide, water and minerals from the soil.

WATER AND MINERALS

Water and minerals are important for plant nutrition. In the soil, minerals dissolve in water. Plants absorb this water through their roots. These nutrients, called raw sap, travel up the stem to the leaves.

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Photosynthesis enables plants to make food from sunlight, carbon dioxide, water and minerals.

Photosynthesis takes place in the leaves. In the leaves, raw sap mixes with carbon dioxide and becomes elaborated sap. This is the plant´s food.

Sunlight is essential for photosynthesis, so it only takes place during the day. During photosynthesis, plants release oxygen.

ACTIVITY "PLANT NUTRITION"

COPY THE SENTENCES AND COMPLETE THEM WITH THE CORRECT WORDS

 oxygen  food  stem  minerals  gases  leaves  respiration

1. Oxygen and carbon dioxide are..respiration.
2. Plants breathe through their ...leaves
3. When they breathe, plants take...oxigen......from the air and release carbon dioxide.
4. The exchange of gases is called ...respiration
5. Plants make their own ...food
6. Water and .minerals...... are important for plant nutrition.
7. In plants, nutrients travel up the ...roots...... to the leaves.

PLANT GROUPS

Plants have roots, stem and leaves.

The roots are in the soil. Water and other substances are absorbed from the soil through the roots.

The stem supports the leaves. Water and nutrients are transported from the roots to the leaves inside the stem.

The leaves breathe and make the plant´s food.

FLOWERING PLANTS

Flowering plants are the biggest group of plants.

- Gymnosperms have small flowers, but no fruit. Their seeds are all together in cones. Almost all gymnosperms are trees, such as pine trees.

- Angiosperms have flowers and fruit. Chestnut trees and some grasses are angiosperms.

NON-FLOWERING PLANTS

Non-flowering plants are the smallest group of plants. They need shade and moisture.

-Mosses are small plants which live on rocks, trees and the ground.

- Ferns are larger than mosses. They have thick, underground stems and big leaves.

ACTIVITY "PLANTS"

READ THESE QUESTIONS AND WRITE THE ANSWERS

1. Which is the biggest group of plants?
2. Which is the smallest?
3. Plants have roots, a stem and ... what else?
4. What does the stem transport to the leaves?
5. What do the leaves make?
6. Where do we find ferns and mosses?

KINGDOMS

Living things are classified into groups called kingdoms.

The three principal kingdoms are the animal kingdom, the plant kingdom and the fungi kingdom.

THE ANIMAL KINGDOM

-Animals are multicellular.

- They eat other living things.

-They can move from one place to another.

-They have a nervous system and sense organs.

-They react to stimuli.

THE PLANT KINGDOM

- Plants are multicellular.

-They use sunlight and substances from the soil and air to make their food.

-They cannot move. They have roots in the ground.

-Plants do not have a nervous system or sense organs. However, they react slowly to some stimuli. For example, many plants grow towards the light.

THE FUNGI KINGDOM

- Most fungi are multicellular. A few are unicellular.

- They depend on other organism for food. They do not make their own food.

- They are fixed to something. They cannot move.

ACTIVITY KINGDOMS

COPY THE SENTENCES AND CIRCLE THE CORRECT OPTION

1.Living things are classified into three / four kingdoms.
2.Animals can / cannot move from one place to another.
3.Plants have / do not have a nervous system or sense organs.
4.Plants grow towards / away from the light.
5.Fungi depend on / do not depend on other organism for food.
6.Fungi can / cannot move.

HOW ARE LIVING THINGS ORGANISED?

Multicellular living things have the following structure:

-Cells form tissues.
Tissues,such as muscle tissue, are made up of cells, which work together.

-Tissues form organs.
Organs, such as the heart, are made up of tissues, which work together.

-Organs form systems.
Systems, such as the digestive system, are made up of organs, which work together.

-An organism is a complete living thing.
Many systems work together in an organism. All living things are organism. All the systems in an organism work together to keep a living thing healthy.

ACTIVITY 1

CHOOSE THE CORRECT OPTION.

1. Living things are made up of tiny / big units called cells.
2. Cells are the smallests units in a living / non-living thing.
3. Living things with a single cell are multicellular / unicellular.
4. Living things made up of many cells are multicellular / unicellular.
5. Skin cells and bone cells are different / the same.

ACTIVITY 2

WRITE THE JUMBLED WORDS CORRECTLY

1.A human being is an NAGROMIS.
2. Human beings are ILTUMRALULELC.
3. One type of tissue is ELSCUM tissue.
4. Tissues are made up of SELCL.
5.The heart is an AGRON.
6. One type of system is the VITESGIDE system.

WHAT IS A CELL ?

Living things are made up of tiny units called cells.

Cells are the smallest living units in a living thing.

Some living things are made up of a single cell. They are unicellular.

Other living things are made up of many cells. They are multicellular.

WHAT ARE CELLS LIKE ?

Cells differ in shape and size. They carry out different tasks. For example, our skin cells are different from our bone cells.

PARTS OF A CELL

Cells have three parts:

- The membrane is the covering around the cell.

- The nucleus is the part which controls the cell.

- Cytoplasm is between the nucleus and the membrane.

Plant cells also have a hard cell wall around the membrane. This is why some plant stems are hard.

LIVING AND NON-LIVING THINGS

In nature, there are living things and non-living things.

People, animals and plants are living things.

Rocks, air and wind are non-living things.

Living things have the following characteristics:

- They are born from other living things.
- They eat.
- They react to their environment.
- They grow.
- They reproduce.

- Finally, they die.

LIFE PROCESSES

There are three basic life processes:

Nutrition
Living things eat food, which contains nutrients.
Nutrients are substances which provide energy.

Sensitivity
Living things react to their environment.

Reproduction
Living things have offspring.
Many living things need a mate to reproduce.
New living things replace the ones which die.

ACTIVITY 1

MATCH AND WRITE THE SENTENCES.

1. Living things                     a. provide energy
2. Non-living things              b. basic life processes.
3. Nutrients                          c. are born and die.
4. Animals                           d. do not reproduce.
5. There are three                 e. are living things.

ROMAN HISPANIA

More than two thousand years ago, the Romans defeated the Carthaginians and conquered the Iberian Peninsula. The peninsula became part of the Roman Empire. The Romans called it Hispania.

At first, the conquered tribes did not participate in Roman government. Later, they adopted Roman customs and spoke Latin, the language of the Romans. Many people from Hispania, such as the philosopher Seneca, became important figures in the Roman Empire. The emperors Trajan and Hadrian were also from Hispania.

Hispania was Roman for 600 years. However, after about 400 A.D. the Roman Empire weakened. Visigothic invaders entered the peninsula from northern Europe.

ROMAN CITIES

The Romans founded many cities in their empire. In Hispania, important Roman cities included Tarraco (now Tarragona) and Sagunto in the east, and Hispalis in the south.

Roman cities were modelled on Rome, the imperial capital. They all had two main streets and forum. The forum was a large public square where important events were celebrated. Roman cities were connected by excellent stone roads.

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

The Romans built many different types of monuments.

Temples were used for religious purposes.

Theatres, amphitheatres and circuses were used for entertainment.

Aqueducts transported water to the cities.

Public bath houses used hot water.

ACTIVITY 1

REORGANISE THE LETTERS OF EACH WORD THAT IS SPELT INCORRECTLY:

1. In the Palaeolithic period craftsmen made OLOTS by hitting one stone against another.
2. In the Neolithic period craftsmen made polished stone NOPEWAS.
3. They also made SPOT.
4. They also made THOCL.
5. In the Metal Ages craftsmen made metal RELELJEWY.

ACTIVITY "COLONIES"

CHOOSE THE CORRECT WORD AND THEN WRITE THE CORRECT SENTENCES:

1. The Phoenicians came from ASIA / GREECE.
2. They settled on the EASTERN / SOUTHERN coast.
3. The Greeks settled on the SOUTHERN / MEDITERRANEAN coast.
4. They founded the city of DENIA / CADIZ.
5. The Carthaginians came from ASIA / NORTH AFRICA.

PRE-ROMAN TIMES

In pre-Roman times, the peninsula was inhabited by Iberian and Celtic tribes. Later, Phoenicians, Greeks and Carthaginians sailed across the Mediterranean Sea to the peninsula, and established colonies.

THE IBERIANS AND THE CELTS

Iberians and Celts lived together on the Iberian peninsula.

The Iberians lived in the east and south of the peninsula. They lived in walled settlements with rectangular houses. The Iberians were divided into tribes. They were herders, farmers, traders and crafstmen. Some of their works of art, such as the famous Lady of Elche, have been preserved.

The Celts lived in the centre and north of the peninsula. They lived in walled settlements with round houses. The Celts were also divided into tribes. They were herders, farmers and expert metalworkers.

COLONIES

Many ancient civilisations established colonies on the Iberian peninsula.

- The Phoenicians came from Asia, and settled on the southern coast. They founded the cities of Cadiz and Almunecar.

- The Greeks came from Greece, and settled on the Mediterranean coast. They founded the cities of Denia and Ampurias.

- The Carthaginians came from North Africa, and also settled on the Mediterranean coast. They founded the city of Cartagena.

ACTIVITY PRE-ROMAN TIMES

COMPLETE THE SENTENCES.

tribes/ metalworkers/ east/ round/ rectangular/ Celts/ farmers

1. The Iberians lived in the.... and south of the peninsula.
2. They lived in walled settlements with..... houses.
3. They were divided into......
4. They were herders,...., traders and crafstmen.
5. The .... lived in the centre and north of the peninsula.
6. They lived in walled settlements with ... houses.
7. They were herders, farmers and expert ......

PREHISTORY

Prehistory is the long period before the invention of writing.It can be divided into the Stone Age and the Metal Ages.

The Stone Age began two and half million years ago. Stone tools were used.

- In the early Stone Age, called the Palaeolithic period, people moved from place to place. They lived by hunting, fishing and gathering wild plants.

- Later, in the Neolithic period, people lived permanently in one place. They were farmers, had crops, learned to cultivate plants and had domestic animals.

The Metal Ages began about seven thousand years ago. Metal tools were used. The wheel and the plough were invented. The first cities were built.

THE FIRST CRAFTSMEN

In the Palaeolithic period, carftsmen made tools and weapons by hitting one stone against another.

In the Neolithic period, craftsmen made polished stone tools and weapons. They also made pots and cloth.

In the Metal Ages, craftsmen made metal tools, weapons and jewellery.

THE FIRST ARTISTS

CAVE PAINTINGS, for example in the Altamira Cave in Cantabria, are magnificient works of art.
They were painted on cave walls and ceilings.
Early artists often painted animals like bison and deer.

ACTIVITY PREHISTORY AND ANTIQUITY

PAST TENSE: WRITE THE VERB IN THE PAST FORM

1. The Stone Age begins 2 and a half million years ago.
2. Stone tools are used.
3. In the Palaeolithic period, people move from place to place.
4. In the Neolithic period, people live permanently in one place.
5. They are farmers and have crops and domestic animals.
6. The Metal Ages begin about 7.000 years ago.
7. Metal tools are used.
8. The wheel and plough are invented.